In 1910, a revolution deposed the Portuguese monarchy, but chaos continued and considerable economic problems were aggravated by the military intervention in the First World War, which led to a military coup d'état in 1926. This in turn led to the establishment of a right-wing dictatorship by António de Oliveira Salazar.

In the early 1960s, independence movements in the colonies of Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese GuineaPortuguese Colonial War. In 1974, a bloodless left-wing military coup known as the Carnation Revolution led the way for a modern democracy as well as the independence of the last colonies in Africa shortly after. In 1961, the Portuguese army was involved in armed action in its colony in Goa against an Indian invasion (See The Invasion of Goa). The operations resulted in a humiliating Portuguese defeat and the loss of the colonies in India. resulted in the

Portugal joined the European Union in 1986, and ever since it has engaged in a process of convergence with its EU counterparts.

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